From the "Tsar in Qaraqorum" to the "Tsar in Sarai"
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.69567/Keywords:
Khaqan, Tsar, Caesar, Mongol Empire, Ulus of Jochi, Mengu-Timur KhanAbstract
This article examines the history of the princes of Rus's understanding and rethinking of the transition of supreme power from the Khaqan of the Mongol Empire to the Khan of the Ulus of Jochi. After the Mongol khans established their rule over the principalities of Rus', its princes knew that the supreme ruler of the Mongol Empire was the Khaqan in Qaraqorum, not the Khan of the Ulus of Jochi in Sarai. For this reason, the princes traveled to Qaraqorum to obtain yarlyks. The regencies of Töregene Khatun and Oghul Qaimish, and the brief reigns of Güyüg Khagan and Möngke Khagan, led to a weakening of central authority in Qaraqorum. This allowed Berke, the Khan of the Ulus of Jochi, to begin the autonomy of his domains. During this period, the princes of Rus' ceased traveling to Qaraqorum. In the decade between the death of Möngke Khagan in 1259 and the Talas Qurultai of 1269, the princes of Rus' likely reconsidered their notions of supreme authority. Mengu-Timur, Khan of the Ulus of Jochi, minted coins bearing his name, referring to himself as Khagan, and issued yarlyks to princes in his own name. In the yarlyks, Mengu-Timur is called Tsar, indicating the succession of his power from the kings of Qaraqorum, not the khans of Sarai. Even the minimal number of surviving written sources suggests that the princes of Rus' recognized and accepted the khan, rather than the Khagan, as the supreme ruler without any significant complications.
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