Some new material on the term Toqmaq related to the Jochid Ulus
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.69567/Keywords:
Toqmaq, Jochid Ulus, Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi Kütüphanesi, B. 411, Maṭla‘-i sa‘dayn wa majma‘-i baḥrayn, Zubdat al-āsārAbstract
There has been much debate about the origin and connotation of the term Toqmaq, which appears in Timurid Persian sources, Ming Dynasty sources, and Mongol chronicles, but at present it is thought that “the term ulūs-i Jūchī (Jochi’s ulus) and the term Toqmaq were two other names that were used by contemporary writers to designate the nomadic population of the Qipchaq steppe in post-Mongol Central Eurasia.” In this paper, we first summarize previous studies and descriptions of the term Toqmaq in various sources; we then present issues that have not been given much thought. On the other hand, historical sources that have not received much attention in previous studies are Ms. Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi Kütüphanesi, B. 411 (Synoptic Account of the House of Timur, Persian, 1413), which is attributed to the same author as the Muntakhab al-tawārīkh-i Mu‘īnī (Timurid Persian source, 1414), Samarqandī’s Maṭla‘-i sa‘dayn wa majma‘-i baḥrayn (Timurid Persian source, ca. 1470), and ‘Abd Allāh b. Muḥammad b. ‘Alī Naṣr Allāhī’s Zubdat al-āsār (Shaybanid Turkic source, 1525–33). In particular, the Zubdat al-āsār contains remarkable descriptions of the Toqmaq. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the descriptions of the Toqmaq contained in these sources and to provide some new material for the debate on the Toqmaq.
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