The Qazaq steppe of the middle of the 16th century in the projection of the newly discovered original map of Antonio Jenkinson

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.69567/3007-0236.2023.1.140.187

Keywords:

Anthony Jenkinson, Abraham Ortelius, Sigismund Herberstein, Matvey Mekhovsky, Muscovy, Tartaria, Litvania, Samoyeda, Nagaia, Cassackia

Abstract

The article is devoted to the study of a genuine copy of the map of Russia and Tartaria by Antonio Jenkinson of 1562, discovered by a Polish researcher from Wroclaw Krystyna Szykula in the late 1980s. The announcement of the original map aroused great interest in the academic world of cartography historians and representatives of other related disciplines, because for almost more than four centuries this important historical document testifying to the results of the activities of the first English travelers who opened the way to China and India through the expanses of Muscovy and Tartary was considered irretrievably lost and was known only in its main copy derivatives from the Cosmography of Abraham Ortelius and Gerard de Yoda. As it turned out, both copies are only a pale and emasculated reflection of their prototype. The “Wroclaw Find” presented us with a completely new image of the map associated with the name of Antonio Jenkinson, which has allowed us to significantly deepen and expand our knowledge about the history of geographical discoveries in Eurasia, relations between Western Europe and Russia, Russia’s relations with its western and eastern neighbors, as well as about history and ethnography of some regions of the East. At the same time, it should be noted that the newly acquired original map of Jenkinson - a good third of the displayed cartographic space of which is occupied by the territory of modern Qazaqstan - is still little known in our country. The purpose of our publication is to fill the gap by providing researchers with a fairly complete coverage of this most valuable historical and geographical source. The acquaintance with it may be useful and entertaining also for any Qazaqstani reader, since the map is a kind of a message from the middle of the 16th century, “written” in the most perceptible figurative language, i.e.  the language of lines, colors, drawings, icons and brief explanatory texts. This message shows the world as it was seen by the majority of medieval Europeans, and moreover, allows to extract specific information about the historically significant events of the reflected era and, finally, to understand the mentality of the society to which the creators of the map belonged.

Author Biography

  • Rashid Sh. Kukashev , Institute for Humanities Studies ABDI

    Chief Researcher

References

Anninskij, S. A. 1936. (tr.). Izvestija inostrancev o narodah SSSR. Matvej Mehovskij. Traktat o dvuh Sarmatijah (News of foreigners about the peoples of the USSR. Maciej Miechowita. Treatise on the two Sarmatians). Moscow; Leningrad: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (in Russian).

Anuchin, D. N. 1890. K istorii oznakomlenija s Sibir'ju do Ermaka. Drevnee russkoe skazanie «O cheloveceh neznaemyh v vostochnej strane». Arheologo-jetnograficheskij jetjud (On the history of acquaintance with Siberia before Yermak. Ancient Russian legend "About unknown people in the eastern country". Archaeological and ethnographic study). Moscow: Typography and printing O.O. Gerbek (in Russian).

Bacqué-Grammont, J.-L. 1996. Les routes d’Asie centrale d’après le Cihân-Nümâ de Kâtib Çelebi, Cahiers d’ Asie centrale, 1–2, 311–322 (in French).

Bagrov, L. S. 2005. Istorija russkoj kartografii (A History of russian cartography). Moscow: Centrpoligraf (in Russian).

Barber, P. 1989. Additional information on Jenkinson map. In: The Map Collector, 48 (in English).

Baron, S. H. 1993. The Lost Jenkinson Map of Russia (1562) Recovered, Redated and Retitled. In: Terrae Incognitae, the Journal of the Society for the History of Discoveries, XXV, 53–66 (in English).

Bimendiev, A. Sh. 2016. Kazahskoe hanstvo (Kassakija) XVI veka v starinnyh kartah: istoriko-kartograficheskoe issledovanie (Kazakh Khanate (Kassakia) of the 16th century in ancient maps: historical and cartographic research). In: Otan tarihy (The History of Homeland), 1, 46–71 (in Russian).

Bojarshinova, Z. Ja. 1960. Naselenie Zapadnoj Sibiri do nachala russkoj kolonizacii (The population of Western Siberia before the beginning of Russian colonization). Tomsk: Tomsk University Press (in Russian).

Budagov, L. Z. 1871. Sravnitel'nyj slovar' turecko-tatarskih narechij (Comparative dictionary of Turkish-Tatar dialects). Vol. 2. Saint Petersburg: Printing house of the Imperial Academy of Sciences (in Russian).

Filjushkin, A. I. 2013. Izobretaja pervuju vojnu Rossii i Evropy: Baltijskie vojny vtoroj poloviny XVI veka glazami sovremennikov i potomkov (Inventing the First War between Russia and Europe: The Baltic Wars of the Second Half of the 16th Century through the Eyes of Contemporaries and Descendants). Saint Petersburg: Dmitrij Bulanin (in Russian).

Fomenko, I. K. 2010. Itogovaja karta Moskovii XVI veka iz sobranija GIM (The final map of Muscovy of the 16th century from the collection of the State Historical Museum). Moscow: The State Historical Museum (in Russian).

Gamel', I. H. 1865. Anglichane v Rossii v XVI i XVII stoletijah (Englishmen in Russia in the 16th and 17th centuries). Saint Petersburg: Printing house of the Imperial Academy of Sciences (in Russian).

Gardanov, V. K. (ed.). 1974. Adygi, balkarcy i karachaevcy v izvestijah evropejskih avtorov XIII–XIX vv. (Adygs, Balkars and Karachais in the news of European authors of the 13th–19th centuries). Nal'chik: Elbrus (in Russian).

Gerbershtejn, S. 1988. Zapiski o Moskovii (Notes about Muscovy). Moscow: Moscow University Press (in Russian).

Gerbershtejn, S. 2008. Zapiski o Moskovii (Notes about Muscovy). Vol. 1–2. Moscow: Pamjatniki istoricheskoj mysli (in Russian).

Got'e, Ju. V. (tr.). 1937. Anglijskie puteshestvenniki v Moskovskom gosudarstve v XVI veke (English travelers in Muscovy in the 16th century). Leningrad: [Publisher not specified] (in Russian).

Hakluyt, R. 1926 (1589). The Principal Navigations, Voyages, Traffiques and Discoveries of the English Nation: Made by Sea or Overland to the Remote & Farthest Distant Quarters of the Earth at any Time within the Compasse of the 1600 years, London–New York: Hakluyt Society (in English).

Hautala, R. 2015. Ot «Davida, carja Indij» do «nenavistnogo plebsa satany». Antologija rannih latinskih svedenij o tataro-mongolah (From "David, King of the Indies" to "the hated plebs of Satan." Anthology of early Latin information about the Tatar-Mongols). Kazan: Marjani Institute of History of the Academy of Sciences of the RT (in Russian).

Hautala, R. 2021. Mongol'skoe zavoevanie vostochnyh mad'jar po pis'mennym istochnikam (Mongol conquest of the Eastern Magyars according to written sources). In: Zolotoordynskoe nasledie (Golden Horde heritage), 4, 74–91 (in Russian).

Karpov, G. F. (ed.). 1884. Sbornik Imperatorskogo Russkogo Istoricheskogo Obshhestva (Collection of the Imperial Russian Historical Society). Vol. 41. Saint Petersburg: Typography F. Eleonskogo Co (in Russian).

Karpov, G. F. (ed.). 1887. Sbornik Imperatorskogo Russkogo Istoricheskogo Obshhestva. Vol. 59. Saint Petersburg: Typography F. Eleonskogo Co (in Russian).

Karrow, R. W. 1989. Amsterdam Conference on the History of Cartography. In: Map Line, 55 (in English).

Kudrjavcev, O. F. (ed.). 1997. Rossija v pervoj polovine XVI veka: vzgljad iz Evropy (Russia in the first half of the 16th century: a view from Europe). Moscow: Russkij mir (in Russian).

Kusheva, E. N. 1963. Narody Severnogo Kavkaza i ih svjazi s Rossiej: vtoraja polovina XVI – 30-e gody XVII veka (The peoples of the North Caucasus and their ties with Russia: the second half of the 16th – 30s of the 17th century). Moscow: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (in Russian).

Latyshev, V. V. 1947. Izvestija drevnih pisatelej grecheskih i latinskih o Skifii i Kavkaze (News of ancient Greek and Latin writers about Scythia and the Caucasus). In: Vestnik drevnej istorii (Bulletin of ancient history), 2 (20), 247–332; 4 (22), 169–289 (in Russian).

Lihachev, D. S. 1996. Povest' vremennyh let (Tale of Bygone Years). Saint Petersburg: Nauka (in Russian).

Matuzova, V. I. 1979. Anglijskie srednevekovye istochniki. IX–XIII veka: teksty, perevod, kommentarij (English medieval sources. IX–XIII centuries: texts, translation, commentary). Moscow: Nauka (in Russian).

Minaev, I. P. (tr.). 1956. Kniga Marko Polo (Marco Polo book). Moscow: Geografgiz (in Russian).

Moiseeva, G. N. (ed.). 1954. Kazanskaja istorija (Kazan history). Moscow; Leningrad: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (in Russian).

Morgan, E. D., Coote, C. H. 1886. Early voyages and travels to Russia and Persia by Anthony Jenkinson and other Englishmen; with some account of the first intercourse of the English with Russia and Central Asia by way of the Caspian Sea, 2 vol., London (in English).

Nasonov, A. N. (red.). 1955. Pskovskie letopisi (Pskov chronicles). Vol. 2. Moscow: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (in Russian).

Osipov, I. A. 2008. Antonij Dzhenkinson i karta Rossii 1562 goda (Anthony Jenkinson and the 1562 map of Russia). Syktyvkar: Institute of Language, Literature and History (in Russian).

Oskenbay, Q. Z. (ed.). 2010. Qazaqstan tarihy men madenietіnіn ulken atlasy (Large atlas of history and culture of Kazakhstan). Almaty: ABDI Company (in Qazaq).

Pliguzov, A. I. 1987. Pervye russkie opisanija Sibirskoj zemli (The first Russian descriptions of the Siberian land). In: Voprosy istorii (Questions of history), 5, 38–50 (in Russian).

Qyrymi, Abdulgaffar. 2018. Umdat al-ahbar. Kazan': Marjani Institute of History of the Academy of Sciences of the RT (in Russian).

Rashid ad-din. 1960. Sbornik letopisej (Compendium of Chronicles). Vol. 2. Moscow; Leningrad: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (in Russian).

Rerih, N. 1936. Vrata v budushhee (Gateway to the future). Riga: Uguns (in Russian).

Rybakov, B. A. 1974. Russkie karty Moskovii XV – nachala XVI veka (Russian maps of Muscovy in the 15th - early 16th centuries). Moscow: Nauka (in Russian).

Said, Je. V. 2006. Orientalizm. Zapadnye koncepcii Vostoka (Orientalism. Western concepts of the East). Saint Petersburg: Russkij mir (in Russian).

Samojlo A. S. 1955. Proval popytki anglijskoj kompanii zahvatit' russkij rynok v XVI i pervoj polovine XVII veka (The failure of an English company's attempt to capture the Russian market in the 16th and first half of the 17th centuries). In: Uchenye zapiski Moskovskogo oblastnogo pedagogicheskogo institute (Scientific notes of the Moscow Regional Pedagogical Institute), vol. 22, 2 (in Russian).

Scott, V. G. 1989. Map of Russia revealed at conference. In: The Map Collector, 48 (in English).

Sen', D. V., Trepavlov, V. V. 2022. Oskolki odnogo zerkala: tjurko-tatarskie hanstva v poiskah svoego puti posle raspada Ulusa Dzhuchi (Fragments of a single mirror: Turko-Tatar khanates in search of their own path after the collapse of the Ulus of Jochi). In: Novoe proshloe (New past), 1, 9–22 (in Russian).

Serbina, K. N. (red.). 1950. Kniga Bol'shomu chertezhu (Book to the Big Drawing). Moscow; Leningrad: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (in Russian).

Shastina, N. P. (ed.). 1957. Puteshestvija v vostochnye strany Plano Karpini i Rubruka. (Travels to the eastern countries of Plano Carpini and Rubruk). Moscow: State Publishing House of Geographical Literature (in Russian).

Sikaliev (Shejhaliev), A. I.-M. 1994. Nogajskij geroicheskij jepos (Nogai heroic epic). Cherkessk: Karachay-Cherkess Institute for Humanities Studies (in Russian).

Sultanov, T. I. 2005. Izvestija osmanskogo istorika XVI veka Sejfi Chelebi o narodah Central'noj Azii (News of the 16th century Ottoman historian Seyfi Chelebi about the peoples of Central Asia). In: Tjurkologicheskij sbornik (Turkological collection). 2003–2004. Moscow: Vostochnaja literature, 254–272 (in Russian).

Sydyknazarov, M.-A. 2021. Nepreryvnaja gosudarstvennost' Kazahstana v potoke istorii. Kazahskogo gosudarstvo na evropejskih i amerikanskih kartah XVI–XIX vekov. Atlas (Uninterrupted history of Nationhood in Kazakhstan. The Kazakh State on European and American Maps of the 16–19 Centuries. Atlas). Brussels: [Publisher not specified] (in Russian).

Sydyknazarov, M.-A. 2023. Aru Sultan – pervaja diplomaticheskaja predstavitel'nica Kazahskogo gosudarstva, pervaja predstavitel'nica islamskogo i tjurkskogo mira pri dvore Tjudorov korolevy Anglii Elizavety I (Aru Sultan is the first diplomatic representative of the Kazakh state, the first representative of the Islamic and Turkic world at the Tudor court of Queen Elizabeth I of England). In: Adam alemy (Man's World), 1 (95), 108–131 (in Russian).

Szykula, K. 1989. The Newly Found Jenkinson’s Map of 1562. In: XIIIth International Conference on the History of Cartography, Utrecht, 109–111 (in English).

Szykula, K. 2008. Anthony Jenkinson’s Unique Wall Map of Russia (1562) and its Influence on European Cartography. In: Belgeo. Revue Belge de Géographie, 3–4, 325–340 (in English).

Tizengauzen, V. G. (ed.). 2005 (1884). Sbornik materialov, otnosjashhihsja k istorii Zolotoj Ordy (Collection of materials relating to the history of the Golden Horde). Vol. 1. Almaty: Dajk-Press (in Russian).

Tokarev, S. A. 1966. Istorija russkoj jetnografii. Dooktjabr'skij period (History of Russian ethnography. Pre-October period). Moscow: Nauka (in Russian).

Trepavlov, V. V. 2020. Istorija Nogajskoj Ordy (History of the Nogai Horde). Moscow: Kvadriga (in Russian).

Uskenbay, K. Z. (ed.). 2008. Bol'shoj atlas istorii i kul'tury Kazahstana (Large atlas of history and culture of Kazakhstan). Almaty: ABDI Company (in Russian).

Utemish-hadzhi. 1992. Chingiz-name. Almaty: Gylym (in Russian).

Utemish-hadzhi. 2017. Qara tavarih. Kazan: Marjani Institute of History of the Academy of Sciences of the RT (in Russian).

Vasil'ev, V. I. 1974. K probleme jetnogeneza severosamodijskih narodov (On the problem of the ethnogenesis of the North Samoyedic peoples). In: Social'naja organizacija i kul'tura narodov Severa (Social organization and culture of the peoples of the North). Moscow: Nauka, 133–175 (in Russian).

Verbov, G. D. 1943. O drevnej Mangazee i rasselenii nekotoryh samoedskih plemen do XVII v. (On ancient Mangazeya and the settlement of some Samoyed tribes before the 17th century). In: Izvestija Vsesojuznogo geograficheskogo obshhestva (Proceedings of the All-Union Geographical Society), Vol. LXXV, 5, 16–23 (in Russian).

Vitsen Nikolaas. 2010. Severnaja i Vostochnaja Tartarija, vkljuchajushhaja oblasti, raspolozhennye v severnoj i vostochnoj chastjah Evropy i Azii (Northern and Eastern Tartaria, including areas located in the northern and eastern parts of Europe and Asia). Vol. І–III. Amsterdam: Pegasus (in Russian).

Zahoder, B. N. 1962. Kaspijskij svod svedenij o Vostochnoj Evrope (Caspian compendium of information about Eastern Europe). Moscow: Publishing House of Oriental Literature (in Russian).

Downloads

Published

2023-03-29

Issue

Section

Статьи

How to Cite

The Qazaq steppe of the middle of the 16th century in the projection of the newly discovered original map of Antonio Jenkinson . (2023). Qazaq Historical Review, 1(1), 140-187. https://doi.org/10.69567/3007-0236.2023.1.140.187