Zhangir Khan as the main reformer of traditional Qazaq society (the case of Bukey Khanate)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.69567/3007-0236.2025.2.248.262Keywords:
historiography, Bukey Khanate, Zhangir Khan, governance methods, Russian EmpireAbstract
Understanding the historical process naturally leads to questions about the role of personality in history, the degree of its influence on the course of events, the predetermination of changes and possible alternative scenarios of development. In the context of modern historiographical approaches, focusing attention on micro-history and narratives, the figure of Zhangir Khan is considered as a catalyst of socio-cultural and political transformations in the Qazaq steppe of the first half of the 19th century. In the article, the reconstruction of Khan's intellectual biography is carried out, key factors in the formation of his worldview and political strategies are identified. Special attention is paid to the study of the influence of the dynastic traditions of Chingizids, adapted to the realities of the imperial periphery, on the administrative decisions of Zhangir Khan. His ability to innovate and modernize is emphasized in the initiation of reforms aimed at strengthening the state under imperial influence. Using methods of historical reconstruction and comparative analysis, Zhangir Khan's reforms in the fields of education, economics and management are studied. His role in the formation of a new Qazaq elite focused on modernization and cooperation with the imperial administration is considered. In the context of the latest academic discussions about colonial modernity, Khan's activity is evaluated as a complex and contradictory process combining elements of progress and adaptation to imperial power. Additionally, the article analyzes the contradictions inherent in Zhangir Khan's policy, such as balancing between the preservation of traditional norms and the introduction of innovations, as well as between loyalty to the Empire and protection of the interests of the people. The evaluation of the perception of his activities in various layers of the Qazaq society is carried out, and they are identified as both supporters and opponents of his reforms. On the basis of a wide range of sources, including archival materials, narrative texts and epistolary heritage, a conclusion is made about the ambiguity of the figure of Zhangir Khan and his contribution to the history of Qazaqstan. In conclusion, a conclusion is made about the significant influence of Zhangir Khan on the development trajectory of the Bukey Khanate and its place in the history of the Qazaq state.
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