Qazaq-Qalmaq Relations in the 16th Century
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.69567/3007-0236.2023.4.446.457Keywords:
History of Qazaqstan, Qazaq khanate, Qalmaq, Oirat, Tauekel-khanAbstract
The article deals with the Qazaq-Qalmaq relations in the 16th century and is based on the data of medieval Muslim sources. The author concludes that the history of relations between these two big nomadic peoples of the late medieval Central Asia began in the 1520s, and during the next eighty years, until the end of the 16th century, the character of these relations was complicated. Mostly the relations were hostile, but sometimes several Qalmaq groups would make alliances with Qazaqs and opposed the outer powers together. Sometimes this or that part of Qalmaqs was not only a political ally of the Qazaqs but also was a subject of the rulers of the Qazaq state, particularly Tauekel Khan
References
Abuseitova, M.Kh. 1998. Kazahstan i Central'naja Azija v XV–XVII vv.: istorija, politika, diplomatija [Qazakhstan and Central Asia in the XV–XVII centuries: history, politics, diplomacy]. Almaty: Dyke-Press (in Russian).
Abuseitova, M.Kh., Baranova, Yu.G. 2001. Pis'mennye pamjatniki po istorii i kul'ture Kazahstana i Central'noj Azii XIII–XVIII vekov: (biobibliograficheskie obzory) [Written monuments on the history and culture of Kazakhstan and Central Asia of the 13th–18th centuries: (bio-bibliographic reviews)]. Almaty: Dyke-Press (in Russian).
Akhmedov, B.A. 1965. Gosudarstvo kochevyh uzbekov [State of nomadic Uzbeks]. Moscow: Science (in Russian).
Askarov, A.A., et al. (ed.). 1993. Istorija Uzbekistana [History of Uzbekistan]. Vol. 3 (XVI – first half of the 19th century). Tashkent: Fan (in Russian).
Atygayev, N.A. 2007. Hronologija pravlenija kazahskih hanov (XV – ser. XVI v.) [Chronology of the reign of the Qazaq khans (XV – mid-XVI centuries)]. In: Tjurkologicheskij sbornik. 2006 [Turkological collection. 2006]. Moscow: Eastern literature, 50–62 (in Russian).
Atygayev, N.A. 2015. Kazahskoe hanstvo v potoke istorii. Ocherki [The Qazaq Khanate in the flow of history. Essays]. Almaty: Eltanym (in Russian).
Banzarov, D. 1955. Ob ojratah i ujgurah [About the Oirats and Uighurs]. In: Collected works. Moscow: Publishing House of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 180–186 (in Russian).
Bartold, V.V. 1963. Sochineniya [Works]. Vol. 2. Part 1. Moscow: Science (in Russian).
Bartold, V.V. 1968. Sochineniya [Works]. Vol. 5. Moscow: Oriental Literature (in Russian).
Belyakov, A.V. 2019. Uraz-Muhammed ibn Ondan i Isinej Karamyshev syn Musaitov. Opyt sovmestnoj biografii [Uraz-Mukhammed ibn Ondan and Isinei Karamyshev son of the Musaites. Experience of joint biography]. Almaty: ABDI Company (in Russian).
Chernyshev, A.I. 1990. Obshhestvennoe i gosudarstvennoe razvitie ojratov v XVIII veke [Social and state development of the Oirats in the 18th century]. Moscow: Science (in Russian).
Chimitdorzhiev, Sh.M. 1979. Vzaimootnoshenija Mongolii i Srednej Azii XVII–XVIII vekah [Relations between Mongolia and Central Asia in the 17th–18th centuries]. Moscow: Science (in Russian).
Gurevich, B.P. 1979. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija v Central'noj Azii v XVII – pervoj polovine XIX veka [International relations in Central Asia in the 17th – first half of the 19th century] Moscow: Science (in Russian).
Ibragimov, S.K., et al. (ed.). 1969. Materialy po istorii Kazahskih hanstv XV–XVIII vekov [Materials on the history of the Qazaq khanates of the XV–XVIII centuries]. Extracts from Persian and Turkic writings. Alma-Ata: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the QazSSR (in Russian).
Isin, A.I. 2005. (ed.) Istorija Kazahstana v russkih istochnikah. Tom I. Posol'skie materialy Russkogo gosudarstva (XVI–XVII vekov). [The history of Qazaqstan in Russian sources. Vol. I. Embassy materials of the Russian State (XVI–XVII centuries)]. Almaty: Dyke Press (in Russian).
Kireev, F.N., et al. (ed.). 1961. Kazahsko-russkie otnoshenija v XVI–XVIII vekah [Qazaq-Russian relations in the 16th–18th centuries]. Collection of documents and materials. Alma-Ata: Nauka (in Russian).
Klyashtorny, S.G., Sultanov, T.I. 1992. Kazahstan. Letopis' treh tysjacheletij [Qazaqstan. Chronicle of three millennia]. Almaty: Rauan (in Russian).
Kotvich, V.L. 1919. Russkie arhivnye dokumenty (1919) po snoshenijam s ojrotami v XVII i XVIII vekah [Russian archival documents (1919) on relations with the Oirots in the 17th and 18th centuries]. In: Izvestija Rossijskoj Akademii nauk [News of the Russian Academy of Sciences], 12–15, 791–1214 (in Russian).
Lee, Joo-Yup. 2016. Were the historical Oirats «Western Mongols»? An examination of their uniqueness in relation to the Mongols. In: Études mongoles et sibériennes, centrasiatiques et tibétaines, 47, 1–25. DOI: 10.4000/emscat.2820; URL: http://emscat.revues.org/2820 (accessed: 11.07.2023).
Mashrapov, T.T. 1989. Znachenie persojazychnyh istochnikov v izuchenii istorii Kirgizstana XVI–XVII vekov [The importance of Persian-language sources in the study of the history of Kyrgyzstan of the 16th–17th centuries]. Candidate dissertation, Tashkent (in Russian).
Matuz, J. 1970. Altan Chan und die Qalmag in der Chronik des Seyfi Celebi. In: Acta Orientalia ediderunt Societates orientales Danica, Norvegica, Svecica, 1970, 32 (in German).
Moiseev, V.A. 1991. Dzhungarskoe hanstvo i kazahi (XVII–XVIII veka) [Dzungar Khanate and Kazakhs (XVII–XVIII centuries)]. Alma-Ata: Science (in Russian).
Morgan, E.D. and Coote, C.H. 1886. Early voyages and travels to Russia and Persia by Anthony Jenkinson and other Englishmen, with some account of the first intercourse of the English with Russia and Central Asia by way of the Caspian Sea. London: Printed for the Hakluyt Society.
Muhammadyar b. Arab Katagan. 1385. Musahir al-bilad. Tehran (in Persian).
Mukhammed Khaydar, Dulati. 1999. Tarikh-i Rashidi (Rashidova istoriya) [Tarikh-i Rashidi (Rashid's story)]: Introduction, translation from Persian by A. Urunbaev, R.P. Jalilova, L.M. Epifanova, revised second edition. Almaty: Sanat (in Russian).
Mukminova, R.G., Filanovich, M.I. 2001. Tashkent na perekrestke istorii (ocherki drevnej i srednevekovoj istorii goroda [Tashkent at the crossroads of history (essays on the ancient and medieval history of the city]. Tashkent: Fan (in Russian).
Munshi, Iskander b. 1387. Tarikh-i alam-ara-yi Abbasi. Vol. 1. Tehran (in Persian).
Pishchulina, K.A. 1977. Jugo-Vostochnyj Kazahstan v seredine XIV – nachale XVI vekov (voprosy politicheskoj i social'no-jekonomicheskoj istorii) [South-Eastern Qazaqstan in the mid-XIV – early XVI centuries (issues of political and socio-economic history)]. Alma-Ata: Science (in Russian).
Pishchulina, K.A., Uskenbay, K., Atygaev, N. 2006. Qazaq zhane Zhongar handyqtary: bejbіtshіlіk zhane teke-tіres [Qazaq and Dzungar khanates: peace and conflict]. In: Tugan Olke [Native Land], 1 (6), 51–58 (in Qazaq).
Qadyr-ali-bek. 1854. Jami’u’t-tawarikh [Compendium of Chronicles]. In: Berezin, Ilya. Biblioteka vostochnyh istorikov [Library of Oriental Historians]. Vol. 2. Part 1. Qazan: In the printing house of the provincial government (in Russian).
Qadyrgali, Zhalaiyr. 1997. Shezhireler zhinagy [Compendium of Chronicles]. Translation by N.N. Mingulov, B.E. Kumekov, S.K. Uteniyazov. Almaty: Qazaqstan (in Qazaq).
Qozhamquli-bek Balkhi. 2017. Tarikh-i Qypchaki. Translated by Yu. Piltan. Almaty: Print (in Russian).
Rumlu Hasan-bek. 1389. Ahsan at-tawarikh. Vol. 2. Tehran (in Persian).
Rumlu Hasan-bek. Manuscript. Ahsan at-tawarikh. In: Nuruosmaniye Mosque, Istanbul, No. 03317 (in Persian).
Rumovsky, S.Ya. (ed.). 1791. Prodolzhenie Drevnej rossijskoj vivliofiki [Continuation of the Ancient Russian Vivliofika]. Part 7. St. Petersburg: At the Imperial Academy of Sciences (in Russian).
Sanchirov, V.P. 1987. Kalmaki v «Istorii» tureckogo avtora XVI veka Sejfi Chelebi [Kalmaks in the “History” of the 16th century Turkish author Seyfi Çelebi. In: Burchinova, L.S. Maloissledovannye istochniki po istorii dorevoljucionnoj Kalmykii i zadachi izuchenija ih na sovremennom jetape [Little-studied sources on the history of pre-revolutionary Kalmykia and the challenges of studying them at the present stage]. Elista: Kalmyk Scientific Institute of History, Philology and Economics, 6–27 (in Russian).
Sultanov, T.I. 1970. Kratkoe opisanie sochinenija Sejfi (XVI vek) [Brief description of Seyfi's work (XVI century)]. In: Izvestija Akademii nauk KazSSR. Serija obshhestvennyh nauk [News of the Academy of Sciences of the KazSSR. Social Science Series], 46–50 (in Russian).
Sultanov, T.I. 1997. Kazahi, mongoly i kalmaki v 30–50-h godah XVI veka [Qazaqs, Mongols and Kalmaks in the 30–50s of the 16th century]. In: Qozybaev, M.K., et al. (ed.). Istorija Kazahstana (s drevnejshih vremen do nashih dnej) [History of Qazaqstan (from ancient times to the present day)]. In five volumes. Vol. 2. Almaty: Atamura, 377–381 (in Russian).
Sultanov, T.I. 2005. Izvestija osmanskogo istorika XVI veka Sejfi Chelebi o narodah Srednej Azii [News of the Ottoman historian of the 16th century Seyfi Chelebi about the peoples of Central Asia]. In: Tjurkologicheskij sbornik [Turkological collection]. 2003–2004. Moscow: Eastern literature, 254–273 (in Russian).
Sultanov, T.I. 2020. Kazahi. Sud'ba naroda i sud'ba strany v srednie veka [Qazaqs. The fate of the people and the fate of the country in the Middle Ages]. Almaty: “Dyke-Press” (in Russian).
Velyaminov-Zernov, V.V. 1864. Issledovanie o Kasimovskih carjah i carevichah [Research about the Kasimov kings and princes]. Part 2. St. Petersburg: In the printing house of the Imperial Academy of Sciences (in Russian).
Wasifi, Zayn ad-Din. 1961. Badai al-waqai. Ed. A.N. Boldyrev. Vol. 2. Moscow: Publishing House of Oriental Literature (in Russian).
Zlatkin, I.Ya. 1964. Istorija Dzhungarskogo hanstva (1635–1758) [History of the Dzungar Khanate (1635–1758)]. Moscow: Nauka (in Russian).
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Атыгаев Нурлан А. (Автор)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
