Из истории формирования и развития древней дельты Сырдарьи и ее заселения (по археологическим данным до начала I тыс. н.э.)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.69567/3007-0236.2024.1.34.47Ключевые слова:
Восточное Приаралье, Сырдарья, Ширикрабатская археологическая культура, стоянка, поселения, городище, курганАннотация
В статье рассматривается история оседло-земледельческих культур Восточного Приаралья, которая требует изучения с учетом влияния гидрографического фактора из-за их тесной связи с функционированием амударьинских и сырдарьинских дельтовых протоков. В древней дельте Сырдарьи выделяются четыре системы протоков: Инкардарья, Жанадарья, Кувандарья и Пракувандарья. Установлено, что южная, Инкардарьинская система русел и самая северная – Пракувандарьинская, функционировали уже в эпоху неолита и бронзы. В раннем железном веке на территории древней Сырдарьинской дельты расселяются сакские племена. Во второй половине I тыс. до н.э. режим обводнения южных дельтовых протоков меняется. Вероятно, уже в середине I тыс. до н.э. отмирают некоторые участки водотока в среднем течении Инкардарьи, прежде всего в южном ее русле. В это же время формируется более выпрямленное широтное русло Жанадарьи. В южной части дельты, на широтных руслах Жанадарьи и старицах Инкардарьи, создаются благоприятные условия для формирования оседлой земледельческо-скотоводческой культуры, хозяйство которой основывалось на отгонном скотоводстве и ирригационном земледелии. Такой культурой явилась ширикрабатская археологическая культура, сложившаяся, по мнению исследователей, на основе культуры сакского населения. Наряду с этим ее формирование шло под влиянием древнеземледельческих культур Средней Азии.
Библиографические ссылки
Andrianov, B. 1969. Drevnie orositelnie sistemi Priaralya [Ancient irrigation systems of the Aral region]. Moscow: Nauka (in Russian).
Baipakov, K. 2012. Drevnyaya i srednevekovaya urbanizatsiya Kazakhstana [Ancient and medieval urbanization of Qazaqstan]. Almaty (in Russian).
Formozov, А. 1949. Kelteminarskaya kultura v Zapadnom Kazakhstane [Kelteminar culture in Western Qazaqstan]. In: Kratkie soobshhenija instituta istorii material'noj kul'tury [Brief communications from the Institute of the History of Material Culture], 25, 49–58 (in Russian).
Itina, М. 1977. Istoriya stepnikh plemen Yuzhnogo Priaralya [History of the steppe tribes of the Southern Aral Sea region]. In: Trudy horezmskoj arheologo-jetnograficheskoj vystavki [Proceedings of the Khorezm archaeological and ethnographic exhibition], vol. 9 (in Russian).
Itina, М. 1998. K istorii izucheniya bronzovogo veka yuzhnogo Priaralya [On the history of studying the Bronze Age of the southern Aral region]. In: Nerazik, E. (ed.). Priarale v drevnosti i srednevekove [The Aral Sea region in ancient times and the Middle Ages]. Moscow: Vostochnaja literatura, 78–91 (in Russian).
Itina, М., Yablonskii, L. 1997. Saki Nizhnei Sirdari [Saki of the Lower Syrdarya]. Moscow: Rossijskaja politicheskaja jenciklopedija (in Russian).
Itina, М., Yablonskii, L. 2001. Mavzolei Severnogo Tagiskena. Pozdnii bronzovii vek Nizhnei Sirdari [Mausoleums of Northern Tagisken. Late Bronze Age of the Lower Syr Darya]. Moscow: Vostochnaja literatura (in Russian).
Kurmankulov, Zh., Utubaev, Zh. 2017. Chirikrabatskaya kultura Vastochnogo Priaralya [Chirik Rabat culture of the Eastern Aral region]. In: Kazakhstan v sakskuyu epokhu [Qazaqstan in the Saka era]. Almaty: Hikari, 191–211 (in Russian).
Lelekov, L. 1976. Nasledie zverinogo stilya v iskusstve srednevekovya i Drevnei Rusi [The legacy of the animal style in the art of the Middle Ages and Ancient Rus']. In: Skifo-sibirskii zverinii stil v iskusstve narodov Yevrazii [Scythian-Siberian animal style in the art of the peoples of Eurasia]. Moscow: Nauka, 258–271 (in Russian).
Levina, L. 1979. Poseleniya VII–V vekov do nashei ery i «shlakovie» kurgani Yuzhnikh raionov Sirdarinskoi delti [Settlements of the 7th–5th centuries BC and “slag” mounds of the southern regions of the Syrdarya delta]. In: Kochevniki na granitsakh Khorezma [Nomads on the borders of Khorezm]. Proceedings of the Khorezm archaeological and ethnographic expedition, 11. Moscow: Publishing House of the USSR Academy of Sciences (in Russian).
Levina, L. 1997. Jetnokul'turnaja istorija Vostochnogo Priaral'ja v pervom tysjacheletii do nashej jery – pervom tysjacheletii nashej jery [Ethnocultural history of the Eastern Aral region in the first millennium BC – first millennium AD]. In: Etnograficheskoe obozrenie [Ethnographic review], 2, 3–14 (in Russian).
Levina, L. 2000. Drevnosti nizov'ev Syrdar'I [Antiquities of the lower reaches of the Syrdarya]. In: V nizov'jah Oksa i Jaksarta. Obrazy Drevnego Priaral'ja [In the lower reaches of the Oxus and Jaxartes. Images of the Ancient Aral Sea region]. Moscow: Indrik, 125–198 (in Russian).
Tazhekeev, А. 2012. Pamjatniki kel'teminarskoj kul'tury Nizhnej Syrdar'I [Monuments of the Kelteminar culture of the Lower Syrdarya]. In: Otan Tarihi [History of the Homeland], 1, 102–108 (in Russian).
Tazhekeev, А. 2013. Istoriya obvodneniya yuzhnikh protokov Nizhnei Sirdari po arkheologicheskim dannim. Zhanadarya [History of watering of the southern channels of the Lower Syrdarya according to archaeological data. Zhanadarya]. In: Trudi filiala Instituta arkheologii im. A.Kh. Margulana v g. Astana [Proceedings of the branch of the Margulan Institute of Archeology in Astana], 2, 65–72 (in Russian).
Tazhekeev, А. 2014. Istoriya obvodneniya yuzhnikh protokov Nizhnei Sirdari po arkheologicheskim dannim. Inkardarya [History of watering of the southern channels of the Lower Syrdarya according to archaeological data. Inkardarya]. In: Osnovnie aspekti izucheniya arkheologii Priaralya [Main aspects of studying the archeology of the Aral region]. Almaty (in Russian).
Tazhekeev, А., Darmenov, Р. 2010. Erimbet-zhaga – stojanki jepohi bronzy [Yerimbet-zhaga – sites of the Bronze Age]. In: Arheologija i paleoantropologija evrazijskih stepej i sopredel'nyh territorij. Materialy i issledovanija po arheologii Rossii [Archeology and paleoanthropology of the Eurasian steppes and adjacent territories. Materials and research on Russian archeology], 3, 438–440 (in Russian).
Tazhekeev, А., Darmenov, Р. 2012. Predvaritelnii otchet o rabote na mogilnike Sengir-tam v 2012 [Preliminary report on work at the Sengir-tam burial ground in 2012]. In: Baitanaev, B.A. (ed.). Margulanovskie chtenija – 2012 [Margulan readings – 2012]. Astana, 240–247 (in Russian).
Tazhekeev, А., Ongar, А., Shoraev, B. 2013. Tapa – pamyatnik epokhi bronzi Severo-vostochnogo Priaralya [Tapa – a monument of the Bronze Age of the North-Eastern Aral Sea region]. In: Trudi filiala Instituta arkheologii im. A.Kh. Margulana v g. Astana [Proceedings of the branch of the Margulan Institute of Archeology in Astana], 2, 167–170 (in Russian).
Tolstov, S. 1948. Drevnij Horezm: Opyt istoriko-arheologicheskogo issledovanija [Ancient Khorezm: Experience of historical and archaeological research]. Moscow: MSU publication (in Russian).
Tolstov, S. 1962. Po drevnim deltam Oksa i Yaksarta [Along the ancient deltas of Oxus and Jaxartes]. Moscow: Publishing House of Oriental Literature (in Russian).
Tolstov, S., Vorobeva, М, Rapoport, Yu. 1960. Raboti Khorezmskoi arkheologo-etnograficheskoi ekspeditsii v 1957 godu [Works of the Khorezm archaeological-ethnographic expedition in 1957]. In: Materialy Horezmskoj jekspedicii [Materials of the Khorezm expedition], 4, 3–63 (in Russian).
Tolstov, S., Zhdanko, Т., Itina, М. 1963. Raboti Khorezmskoi arkheologo-etnograficheskoi ekspeditsii AN SSSR v 1958–1961 godakh [Works of the Khorezm archaeological and ethnographic expedition of the USSR Academy of Sciences in 1958–1961]. In: Materialy Horezmskoj jekspedicii [Materials of the Khorezm expedition], 6, 3–91 (in Russian).
Vainberg, B. 1997. Ekologiya Priaralya v drevnosti i srednevekove [Ecology of the Aral Sea region in ancient and medieval times]. In: Etnograficheskoe obozrenie [Ethnographic review], 1, 23–41 (in Russian).
Vainberg, B. 1999. Jetnogeografija Turana v drevnosti. VII vek do nashej jery – VIII vek nashej jery [Ethnogeography of Turan in ancient times. 7th century BC – 8th century AD]. Moscow: Vostochnaja literatura (in Russian).
Vainberg, B., Levina, L. 1992. Chirikrabatskaya kultura v nizovyakh Sirdari [Chirik Rabat culture in the lower reaches of the Syr Darya]. In: Stepnaya polosa Aziatskoi chasti SSSR v skifo-sarmatskoe vremya [The steppe strip of the Asian part of the USSR in the Scythian-Sarmatian time]. Moscow: Nauka, 47–61 (in Russian).
Vainberg, B., Levina, L. 1993. Chirikrabatskaya kultura [Chirik Rabat culture]. In: Nizovya Sirdari v drevnosti [The lower reaches of the Syrdarya in ancient times]. Issue 1. Moscow (in Russian).
Vakturskaya, N., Vorobyova, M. 1952. Khronika rabot Khorezmskoi ekspeditsii AN SSSR [Chronicle of the work of the Khorezm expedition of the USSR Academy of Sciences]. In: Proceedings of the Khorezm archaeological and ethnographic expedition, 1. Moscow: Publishing House of the USSR Academy of Sciences (in Russian).
Vinogradov, А. 1963. Novie materiali dlya izucheniya kelteminarskoi kulturi [New materials for studying the Kelteminar culture]. In: Materialy Horezmskoj jekspedicii [Materials of the Khorezm expedition], 6, 66–75 (in Russian).
Vinogradov, А. 1981. Drevnie okhotniki i ribolovi Sredneaziatskogo mezhdurechya [Ancient hunters and fishermen of the Central Asian interfluve]. In: Proceedings of the Khorezm archaeological and ethnographic expedition, 13. Moscow: Publishing House of the USSR Academy of Sciences (in Russian).
Vinogradov, А., Itina, М., Yablonskii, L. 1986. Drevneishee naselenie nizovev Amudari [The oldest population of the lower reaches of the Amu Darya]. In: Proceedings of the Khorezm archaeological and ethnographic expedition, 15. Moscow: Publishing House of the USSR Academy of Sciences (in Russian).
Vishnevskaya, О. 1973. Kul'tura sakskih plemen nizov'ev Syrdar'i v VII–V vekah do nashej jery [Culture of the Saka tribes of the lower reaches of the Syr Darya in the 7th–5th centuries BC]. In: Proceedings of the Khorezm archaeological and ethnographic expedition, 8. Moscow: Publishing House of the USSR Academy of Sciences (in Russian).
Yablonskii, L. 2004. Hronologija drevnejshih pamjatnikov rannego zheleznogo veka Srednej Azii i Kazahstana: (po materialam Priaral'ja) [Chronology of the most ancient monuments of the early Iron Age in Central Asia and Qazaqstan: (based on materials from the Aral region)]. In: Sarmatskie kul'tury Evrazii: problemy regional'noj hronologii [Sarmatian cultures of Eurasia: problems of regional chronology]. Krasnodar, 45–66 (in Russian).
Загрузки
Опубликован
Выпуск
Раздел
Лицензия
Copyright (c) 2024 Жанболат Р. Утубаев, Сергей Б. Болелов
Это произведение доступно по лицензии Creative Commons «Attribution-NonCommercial» («Атрибуция — Некоммерческое использование») 4.0 Всемирная.
