Anthony Jenkinson and his revision of the cartographic schemes of Central Asia in the 16th century
Keywords:
Anthony Jenkinson, Kitaia Lacus, Oxus, Jaxartes, Tashkent, Samarkand, Turkestan, Cassackia, Muscovy, Abraham OrteliusAbstract
The article is devoted to the analysis of a new cartographic scheme of Central Asia of the 16th century, proposed by Anthony Jenkinson in his description of his journey through Russia and Central Asia in 1557–1559 (published in 1589) and in his map compiled with the help of cartographer Clement Adams and based on Russian and English documents, and his own observations. Jenkinson’s new cartographic scheme became widespreaddue to the copies of his map reproduced by many major cartographers, including Gerard Mercator and Abraham Ortelius. The original map was discovered only in the 1980s by the Polish researcher Kristina Szykula. The spatial organization scheme, on the one hand, partially remained true to the graphic line of Ptolemy (where the Oxus flows into the Caspian Sea), and, on the other hand, contained such toponyms as Tartaria, Turchestan, Persia, Corasan, India orientalis, China, Cathaio and Mongol, which had appeared in cartographic space thanks to many travelers. The revolutionary element of this scheme, according to the new positioning of Tashkent, Amu Darya, Syr Darya and Ob, were the following elements: 1) Amu Darya (Oxus) and Syr Darya (Jaxartes) are separated from the Caspian Sea; 2) they are related to Kitaia Lacus; 3) Kitaia Lacus can be interpreted as Aral; 4) Kitaia Lacusis connected with the river Oby (Ob); 5) the river Oby (Ob) is associated with Sur (Syr Darya) and Tashkent; 6) Kitaia Lacus is related to Cathay, which starts immediately east of the Ob and possibly describes not Ming Northern China, but Mongolia.A comparative analysis of the description of the journey and the copies of Jenkinson’s maps has shown the process of incorporating new knowledge about the region into the cartographic space and the stability of old schemes. The resulting compromise solution was reflected on the maps in the form of several layers of information and duplication of individual objects (thus, the Amu Darya is represented on the map twice: as Ougus (Ptolemy’s scheme) and as Amow (Jenkinson’s scheme)), double naming of one object (the Syr Darya acts simultaneously as Oby and as Sur) and deformation of space (Cathay is located near the island of Novaya Zemlya, on the proposed trade route from England to China).
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