National Minorities in the South of Ukraine During the Famine of 1932–1933
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.69567/3007-0236.2023.3.331.339Keywords:
Famine of 1932–1933, Genocide, Holodomor, National Group, Special Settlement, Southern UkraineAbstract
The article is devoted to the issue of the situation of national minorities who lived compactly in the South of Ukraine during the famine of 1932-1933. The focus of the article is on the lives of German, Swedish and Jewish colonists who lived in national districts or had national village councils. The circumstances due to which natives of Central Asia (Uzbeks, Qyrgyz, and Qazaqs) find themselves at the epicenter of the Ukrainian Holodomor are also considered. It was found that all national communities were affected by the famine in Ukraine. Although they could receive a little help from their states and foreign charities (Germans, Swedes, and Jews), they had to hand it over to the MOPR or exchange it unevenly in Torgsіn. They also faced repression in response to disclosing information that they were on hunger strike in consulates or foreign media. But despite everything, they still did it because of the difficult living conditions. Unlike other national minorities, the people from Central Asia ended up in the South of Ukraine as labor prisoners, so their life was much worse because in 1933 they were practically stopped being supplied with food.
References
Aisfeld, A. 2011. Etnichni nimtsi Ukrainy pid chas Druhoi svitovoi viiny i v povoienni roky [Ethnic Germans of Ukraine during the Second World War and in the postwar years]. In: Aisfeld, A., Martynenko V. Ukraina v Druhii svitovii viini: pohliad z XXI st.: Istorychni narysy: u 2-kh kn. [Ukraine in the Second World War: a view from the 21st century: Historical Essays: in 2 books]. Kyiv, 1, 592–643 (in Ukrainian).
Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. 1948. URL: https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/genocide-convention.shtml (accessed: 01.09.2023) (in English).
Danilov, V., et al. (ed.). 2001. Tragediya sovetskoy derevni. Kollektivizatsiya i raskulachivanie. Dokumentyi i materialyi [The tragedy of the Soviet village. Collectivization and dispossession. Documents and materials]. Vol. 3. End of 1930–1933. Moscow: Russian Political Encyclopedia (in Russian).
Dizendorf, V.F. (ed.). 2006. Nemtsyi Rossii: naselennyie punktyi i mesta poseleniya: entsiklopedicheskiy slovar [Germans of Russia: settlements and places of settlement: encyclopedic dictionary]. Moscow: ERN (in Russian).
Hencke, A. 1979. Erinnerungen als Deutscher Konsul in Kiew in der Jahren 1933–1936; mit einer Vorbemerkung von Georg Stadtmüller [Memories as German Consul in Kiev in the years 1933–1936; with a preliminary remark by Georg Stadtmüller]. München, 1979 (in German).
Ivankov, I. 2004. Nimetski kolonii Pivdnia Ukrainy ta holod 1932–1933 rokiv (za materialamy Ministerstva skhidnykh okupovanykh terytorii hitlerivskoi Nimechchyny) [German colonies in the South of Ukraine and the famine of 1932–1933 (based on the materials of the Ministry of the Eastern Occupied Territories of Hitler's Germany)]. In: Etnichna istoriia narodiv Yevropy [Ethnic history of the peoples of Europe]. 16, 60–66 (in Ukrainian).
Kondrashin, V.V. (ed.). 2011. Golod v SSSR 1929–1934 [Famine in the USSR 1929–1934]. Vol. 3. Summer 1933–1934. Moscow: MFD (in Russian).
Korohodskyi, Yu.M. 2016. Holod u yevreiskykh zemlerobskykh koloniiakh Ukrainy (1932–1933 rr.): istoriohrafiia problemy [Famine in the Jewish agricultural colonies of Ukraine (1932–1933): historiography of the problem]. In: Storinky istorii [Pages of history]. 36, 116–123 https://doi.org/10.20535/2307-5244.36.2013.89170 (in Ukrainian).
Kotliar, Yu.V. 2008. Trahediia yevreiskoho etnosu pid chas holodomoru-henotsydu. Holodomory 1921–1923 rr. ta 1932–1933 rr. na Pivdni Ukrainy: etnichnyi ta mizhnarodnyi aspekty [The tragedy of the Jewish ethnic group during the famine-genocide. The Holodomors of 1921–1923 and 1932–1933 in Southern Ukraine: ethnic and international aspects]. Kyiv; Mykolaiv: Petro Mohyla Mykolaiv State Humanitarian University, 2, 90–98 (in Ukrainian).
Kotlyarchuk, A. 2012. V kuznitse Stalina: shvedskie kolonistyi Ukrainyi v totalitarnyih eksperimentah XХ veka [In Stalin’s forge: Swedish colonists of Ukraine in the totalitarian experiments of the 20th century]. Moskva: Rossmen (in Russian).
Krasilnikov, M.P., Kvitkin, O.A. (ed.). 1929. Vsesoyuznaya perepis naseleniya 1926 goda [All-Union Population Census of 1926]. Tom XIII: Ukrainskaya Sotsialisticheskaya Sovetskaya Respublika. Stepnoy podrayon. Dnepropetrovskiy podrayon. Gornopromyishlennyiy podrayon: narodnost, rodnoy yazyik, vozrast, gramotnost [Ukrainian Socialist Soviet Republic. Steppe subdistrict. Dnepropetrovsk subdistrict. Mining subdistrict: nationality, native language, age, literacy]. Moscow: Central Statistical Administration of the USSR (in Russian).
Kuzovova, N. 2023. Holodomor 1932–1933 rokiv na Khersonshchyni [Holodomor 1932–1933 in the Kherson region]. Kherson: University book (in Ukrainian).
Lebіd, V.O. (ed.). 2019. Spetspereselentsi. Z istorii rozvytku bavovnytstva na Khersonshchyni u 30–40 roky 20 stolittia: zbirnyk dokumentiv [Special settlers. From the history of the development of cotton in the Kherson region in the 30s and 40s of the 20th centuries: a collection of documents]. Kherson: State archive of the Kherson region (in Ukrainian).
Pokrovsky, N.N. 2005 (ed.). Politbyuro i krestyanstvo: Vyisyilka, spetsposelenie. 1930–1940 gg. [Politburo and the peasantry: Expulsion, special settlement. 1930–1940]. Vol. 1. Moscow: Russian Political Encyclopedia (in Russian).
Schulze Wessel, M., et al. (ed.). 2020. Chy mozhna vvazhaty Holodomor henotsydom? [Can the Holodomor be considered genocide?]: transcript of the webinar of the German-Ukrainian Commission of Historians, September 24, 2020, 18:00–19:30. URL: https://www.holodomorstudies.com/petition/3/ (in Ukrainian).
Shapoval, Yu. (ed.). 2007. Lysty z Kharkova. Holod v Ukraini ta na Pivnichnomu Kavkazi v povidomlenniakh italiiskykh dyplomativ. 1932–1933 roky [Letters from Kharkiv. Famine in Ukraine and the North Caucasus in reports of Italian diplomats. 1932–1933 years]. Kharkiv: Folіo (in Ukrainian)
Troynitsky, N.A. (ed.). 1904a. Pervaya Vseobschaya perepis naseleniya Rossiyskoy imperii 1897 g. [First General Census of the Russian Empire in 1897]. 1899–1905. Book 41: Tauride province. Saint Petersburg: Central Statistical Committee Ministry of Internal Affairs (in Russian).
Troynitsky, N.A. (ed.). 1904b. Pervaya Vseobschaya perepis naseleniya Rossiyskoy imperii 1897 g. [First General Census of the Russian Empire in 1897]. 1899–1905. Book 47: Kherson province. Saint Petersburg: Central Statistical Committee Ministry of Internal Affairs (in Russian).
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Natalia M. Kuzovova
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
